BIG SOLAR FLASH IS COMING PAY ATTENTION GODLY DNA ACTIVATION COMING NO NEEDLES REQUIRED

 BIG SOLAR FLASH IS COMING

PAY ATTENTION GODLY DNA ACTIVATION COMING NO NEEDLES REQUIRED

All systems are subject to great change as the earth is constantly bombarded by highly charged cosmic rays emanating from the galactic core.

The galactic core, known by the ancients as the central sun and called Hunab Ku by the Mayans, is located in the center of the Milky Way Galaxy in the constellation Sagittarius.

The mighty black hole located there recently activated the cyclical mass activity that makes the entire cosmos vibrate higher.

The explosion of these high frequency cosmic rays reaching Earth was measured by increasing the Schumann Resonance to vibrate in the 40 to 100 Hertz range causing a superhuman state of consciousness.

Exactly the lower limit of the fifth dimension begins at 40 Hertz and the upper limit ends at 100 Hertz. A dimension is not a physical place, but a state of being or consciousness that manifests itself as a perceived reality.

This new, higher dimension of reality that manifests in this world is what we call the new earth and the new heaven. It is the golden era that has been expected for millennia, and it is a new era of light for humanity.

The Lemurians called the central sun the source of all life, all knowledge, all power, the god of all gods. The central sun is the hidden sun, the inner sun, the source of all being and the opposite force to the sun of the earth. The cosmic doors will open on December 21, 2020 when the fifth sun and the great calendar of Mayan counting ended eight years ago, on December 21, 2012, and the sixth Mayan sun of the new earth dawned on that day.

This also agrees with the Hindu calendar of Lemurian origin. The key to this problem is that the reason this light did not manifest itself adequately on the earth's surface is due to the blockade exerted by Jupiter and Pluto.

The cosmic gates will open on this day and the strongest, unstoppable current in the history of 40 Hertz gamma light will crawl across the sky and flow freely across the planet. During the Golden Age, the planet existed in the highest dimensions and the Lemurians reached a state of enlightened consciousness with their Kundalini rising and developing.

These master beings possessed supernatural abilities such as immortality, escape, teleportation and time travel. In the Lemurian manuscripts it is written that the central sun is the only source of all supernatural abilities as well as the source of all life, all matter and all evolution in this cosmos. Russian scientists have shown that a gamma ray can alter a living being's DNA and turn the embryo of one species into a completely different species within 48 hours. In the same way, this gamma light activates the DNA, which is called "junk" in the human body, to reconstruct the twelve plus one original strands of our species.

The more strands of DNA that are active, the higher the human level of consciousness. We know what happens when we remember our past and see the future in ourselves. We know what is coming, what the alignments of the cosmos are saying. All is clearly written as a sign in heaven for those who have eyes to see them. Heavenly events are readable, measurable, and predictable, and what happens above is reflected below. The movement of the stars is the language of God. Celestial alignments directly affect human evolution and planet earth. The greater the heavenly event, the greater the physical and conscious impact it will have on humanity and the perception of their experiences.

THIS BIG SOLAR FLASH will take place before the end of this year. 2020 will be a massive burst of white, blinding, magnetic, fifth-dimensional gamma light

n, which is ejected from the galactic core and seen as the second sun in the sky.

The energy released from this emission of the central sun is called the realm of understanding and activates the mass ascension event of planetary consciousness.

The light from this cosmic explosion will be so strong that it will illuminate the heavens of the earth for a period of a thousand years. It will be the prophetic millennium of light heralded by all spiritual traditions of humanity.

This new era of humanity brings the realization of our true divine being and we will reach a state of spiritual perfection in which all good things will become possible. We have incarnated here many times to prepare for this moment, we have kept hope amid great difficulties, and now our ticket is coming home to our true home of glory and happiness ...

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vaccines don not take nano tech it will screw your dna up

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-020-0737-y

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions of people with no clear signs of abatement owing to the high prevalence, long incubation period and lack of established treatments or vaccines. Vaccines are the most promising solution to mitigate new viral strains. The genome sequence and protein structure of the 2019-novel coronavirus (nCoV or SARS-CoV-2) were made available in record time, allowing the development of inactivated or attenuated viral vaccines along with subunit vaccines for prophylaxis and treatment. Nanotechnology benefits modern vaccine design since nanomaterials are ideal for antigen delivery, as adjuvants, and as mimics of viral structures. In fact, the first vaccine candidate launched into clinical trials is an mRNA vaccine delivered via lipid nanoparticles. To eradicate pandemics, present and future, a successful vaccine platform must enable rapid discovery, scalable manufacturing and global distribution. Here, we review current approaches to COVID-19 vaccine development and highlight the role of nanotechnology and advanced manufacturing.

Main

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (nCoV or SARS-CoV-2) belonging to the betacoronavirus family emerged1,2. All human betacoronaviruses are unique from one another, however, they do share a certain degree of genetic and structural homology. SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence homology with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV is 77% and 50%, respectively3. In contrast to the relatively smaller outbreaks of SARS-CoV in 2002 and MERS-CoV in 2012, SARS-CoV-2 is exhibiting an unprecedented scale of infection, resulting in a global pandemic declaration of Coronavirus Infectious Disease (COVID-19) on 11 March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). On 1 June 2020, the World Health Organization reported >6 million confirmed cases and 371 thousand deaths globally. Of note, during the 1918 influenza pandemic, more death was observed in the second phase of outbreak4. Similar to influenza, COVID-19 harbours the potential to become a seasonal disease5. The high infection rate, long incubation period, along with mild-to-moderate symptoms experienced by many, make COVID-19 a troubling disease. A vaccine is crucial, in particular because data indicate asymptomatic transmission of COVID-196,7,8. More than 10 years ago, scientists predicted the pandemic potential of the coronaviruses9. And for the past 30 years, a once-per-decade novel coronavirus has pushed our public health system to the limit, with SARS-CoV-2 being the most severe. Despite the repeated warnings and discussion, the world was not prepared for this pandemic. The rapid development, distribution and administration of a vaccine to the global population is the most effective approach to quell this pandemic and the only one that will lead to a complete lifting of restrictions. Challenges include the vaccine design itself, but also its manufacture and global distribution; cold chain requirements present logistical and fiscal barriers to the availability of important, life-saving vaccines in resource-poor areas of the world. Innovating vaccine delivery platforms and devices to break cold chain limitations are therefore an efficient solution to safeguard potent vaccination for both wealthy and lower-income countries.

Box 1 Components and options in vaccine design

Antigen: a foreign material that can induce an immune response within the body—often derived from the pathogen one aims to immunize against. Based on how the antigen is presented, vaccines can be categorized as:

• Live-attenuated vaccine: weakened form of pathogens capable of replication, but not causing illness.

• Inactivated vaccine: killed form of pathogens incapable of replication or infection.

• Subunit vaccine: minimal antigenic element of a pathogen, for example, a protein, protein subunit or polysaccharides or VLPs self-assembled from these components. These antigens in purified forms are administered in combination with molecular adjuvants or expressed in vivo using RNA, DNA or viral vectors.

• Peptide-based vaccines: peptides are fundamental element of a protein subunit recognized by the immune system; all antigens described above contain peptide epitopes.

Adjuvant: a stimulatory agent designed to boost immune response toward a co-delivered antigen.

• Occurs as ‘independent entities’ in a mixture with antigens.

• Occurs as ‘conjugate-entities’ via chemical fusion directly to antigens.

Nanoparticle/nanocarrier: The live-attenuated and inactivated viral vaccines can be regarded as nanoparticles themselves. Rather than serving as the vaccine itself, a nanoparticle (viral or non-viral) can be employed as nanocarrier to encapsulate or present the antigen payload or nucleic acid encoding the antigen. Nanocarriers provide stability and targeting of these payloads to antigen presenting cells (APCs); nanocarriers can confer innate adjuvant behaviour (see Fig. 3). Nanocarriers synchronize delivery of both, antigen and adjuvant, to target immune cells.

• Viral vector: repurposed mammalian viruses engineered to deliver a gene encoding the antigen (examples include adenoviral vectors derived from chimpanzee and human).

• Proteinaceous nanoparticles: nanoscale biomaterial assemblies with atomic precision and complexity (examples include protein nanocages and non-infectious viruses such as plant viruses or bacteriophages) engineered to present a subunit vaccine or deliver a nucleic acid encoding the antigen.

• Synthetic nanoparticles: nanoscale assemblies of synthetic materials (examples include polymer, liposomal, or lipid nanoparticles) engineered to present a subunit vaccine or deliver a nucleic acid encoding the antigen.

Device: a piece of equipment designed to administer vaccine (Fig. 4).

• Syringe: hypodermic needle used for intramuscular, subcutaneous or intradermal delivery of vaccine by a healthcare professional (>10 mm length and 0.25–0.5 mm in outer diameter, somewhat invasive)

• Implant: slow-release device containing vaccine for sustained subcutaneous delivery, administered by a healthcare professional (<10 mm in length and <2 mm in width, more invasive)

• Microneedle patch: array of micrometre-scale needles containing vaccine for slow release, sustained intradermal delivery, administered by a healthcare professional or via self-administration (<1 mm in length and 0.1–0.5 mm in width, approximately 1 cm2 patch, minimally invasive).

The vaccine strategies

When designing a vaccine, principally, one needs to define the antigen, the adjuvant, the manufacturing system and the delivery strategy (Box 1). The rapid development of vaccines is possible because the genome and structural information of SARS-CoV-2 was made available in record time10,11,12,13,14. These data, along with expedited communication of bioinformatic predictions and epitope mapping15,16,17,18, has provided crucial knowledge enabling vaccine design beyond development of live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines19,20,21,22,23. Also, information available from prior development of SARS/MERS vaccine candidates aids in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates24,25. Nanotechnology platforms offer great utility in modern vaccine design and have helped catalyse novel candidate vaccines toward clinical testing at unprecedented speed. Along with inactivated vaccines, emerging nanotechnologies such as mRNA vaccines delivered by lipid nanoparticles and viral vector vaccines have already reached Phase II and III clinical trials (Fig. 1 and Table 1).

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.0c07197

Abstract

Humanity is experiencing a catastrophic pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally to cause significant morbidity and mortality, and there still remain unknowns about the biology and pathology of the virus. Even with testing, tracing, and social distancing, many countries are struggling to contain SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 will only be suppressible when herd immunity develops, either because of an effective vaccine or if the population has been infected and is resistant to reinfection. There is virtually no chance of a return to pre-COVID-19 societal behavior until there is an effective vaccine. Concerted efforts by physicians, academic laboratories, and companies around the world have improved detection and treatment and made promising early steps, developing many vaccine candidates at a pace that has been unmatched for prior diseases. As of August 11, 2020, 28 of these companies have advanced into clinical trials with Moderna, CanSino, the University of Oxford, BioNTech, Sinovac, Sinopharm, Anhui Zhifei Longcom, Inovio, Novavax, Vaxine, Zydus Cadila, Institute of Medical Biology, and the Gamaleya Research Institute having moved beyond their initial safety and immunogenicity studies. This review analyzes these frontrunners in the vaccine development space and delves into their posted results while highlighting the role of the nanotechnologies applied by all the vaccine developers.

KEYWORDS:

• sars-cov-2
•  vaccine
•  moderna
•  biontech
•  pfizer
•  cansino
•  university of oxford
•  astrazeneca
•  mrna
•  viral vector

Background

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In December 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office in China was first alerted to an unknown outbreak of contagious and often severe lower respiratory illnesses originating from the city of Wuhan, the biggest city in and capital of China’s Hubei province.(1) The cause of the respiratory illness is a virus of the betacoronavirus class now termed coronavirus infectious disease-19 (COVID-19). The virus was named SARS-CoV-2 due to its genetic and structural similarity with SARS-CoV.(1,2) On March 11, 2020, the WHO officially identified SARS-CoV-2 as a pandemic due to its quick global spread.(1) As of August 11, 2020, there are 19,936,210 confirmed cases worldwide and 732,499 deaths due to SARS-CoV-2.(3) The continued rise of both cases and deaths necessitates the rapid development of an effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The second wave happening in some countries that have reopened their economies further accentuates this need.(4,5) While masking, social distancing, and contact tracing can slow the spread of this virus, it appears too infectious to be eliminated by these strategies, and a vaccine is essential to enable a return to normal human social interaction.

Fortunately, in the relatively few months since SARS CoV-2 was identified as the cause of COVID-19, over two hundred academic laboratories and companies have undertaken vaccine development, and many are making record time in advancing to clinical trials (Table S1).(6,7) Moderna reached clinical trials 63 days after their sequence selection.(8) It is striking that an unestablished nanotechnology formulation reached clinical testing almost a full month before established approaches (i.e., inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines) entered clinical trials.(9,10) This highlights the opportunity for less developed technology platforms in vaccine development and, if proven successful, may enable a more rapid response to future emergent infectious diseases. It is also of note that in previous severe coronavirus outbreaks of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV clinical trials were not reached until 25 and 22 months after the outbreaks began.(11) Older severe infectious disease outbreaks such as Dengue and Chikungunya did not reach clinical trials until 52 and 19 years after the outbreak.(11) The improved speed into clinical trials is hopeful, but despite the rapid progress, there are still reasons for concern.

Vaccine development takes time as the vaccines must not only be protective but also safe. Unlike other drugs that are delivered into sick patients, vaccines are administered into healthy patients and require very high safety margins.(12) Therefore, the population should be carefully monitored if vaccine candidates are widely administered based on Emergency Use Authorization. This is especially vital as for past respiratory diseases such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, respiratory syncytial virus, and measles it had been shown that antibodies can exacerbate disease severity through antibody-dependent enhancement.(13) Many of the vaccines that are frontrunners are preclinical nanotechnologies and have not been proven in clinical settings. For instance, mRNA vaccines have been in development and clinical testing for the past 30 years, but the technology has not been previously approved.(14) The platform technology offers speed and adaptability, so these vaccine candidates can be rapidly developed by repurposing previously developed nanostructures as shown by Moderna.(15) Likewise, Novavax’s vaccine is also modeled off of their previous vaccine against influenza.(16) Even so, the vaccines must be rigorously tested for safety before widespread vaccination can occur, which Moderna and Novavax have accomplished through their Phase I studies.(17,18) Beyond Moderna and Novavax, several other companies have moved beyond their safety and immunogenicity Phase I and II clinical studies and have released pertinent data corresponding to these trials.(17,19−23) This review analyzes these posted results and highlights the nanotechnological aspects of the vaccines from these leading companies as well as summarizes the potential of other rapidly developed vaccines in clinical trials.

Vaccination Immunology

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To gain a better understanding of the clinical data, it is important to understand concepts in vaccine immunology. There is no “one size fits all” protective antiviral immune response. Every virus is different with different routes of infection, different range of infectable cell types, and different associated pathology. Accordingly, the immune response best suited for protection against each virus will also be variable.(24) Other factors such as sex, age, pregnancy, and route of infection can also influence the immune response.(24,25) It is widely reported that some people become heavily infected with SARS-CoV-2, but remain asymptomatic, and that some become critically ill and succumb to the disease. This extreme variability in response to infection underscores the variability of individual immune responses to this virus, suggesting that there may not be a single perfect strategy that will achieve uniform long-lasting immunity in everyone. The specific immune responses that elicit the most rapid and dependable viral clearance need to be understood and replicated by the vaccines. Major unanswered questions are whether humoral and/or cellular cytotoxic responses are required, what types of helper T cells are most effective (e.g., Th1 vs Th2 vs Th17) as well as what isotype of antibody response (e.g. IgG vs IgA) most effectively protects against this virus.(26−28) Most of these questions are being answered through laboratory studies as well as through analysis of serum and circulating cells from recovered patients.

Given the variability of host immune responses, there is unfortunately no guarantee that a vaccine, even if it has progressed into advanced clinical trials, will protect against SARS-CoV-2. While a single vaccination can confer lifelong protection against small pox(29) or poliovirus,(30) HIV continues to evade protection by vaccination despite a major worldwide effort to develop an effective HIV vaccine.(31) Additionally, there are indications that respiratory viruses are especially difficult to protect against with vaccines. The respiratory syncytial virus is a prime example in which there are no approved vaccines, despite considerable efforts to develop one.(32)

One reason for vaccine failure against respiratory viruses is that the respiratory tract, including the lungs, is an external mucosal surface that is protected by the generation of secreted IgA antibodies; yet, the antibodies measured to determine whether an experimental subject has “responded” to a vaccine often focus on IgG, IgM, or total immunoglobulin in the blood.(33,34) Most vaccines are delivered intramuscularly, and mucosal immunity and IgA secretion is thereby minimal.(35) Furthermore, eliciting IgA production from conventional vaccines is difficult, and vaccines may lack the immunogenicity required to elicit necessary IgA protection.(36) Regardless, there are efforts and reports on development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates that can elicit IgA responses (see Table S1). For instance, Altimmune, an adenovirus (Ad)-based nonreplicating viral vector vaccine administered intranasally, showed 29-fold IgA induction in mice.(37) Other companies such as Stabilitech Biopharma Limited and Quadram Institute Biosciences are also developing mucosal vaccines.(38,39) The value of IgA or other immunoglobulin isotypes in protection against SARS-CoV-2 has not been fully elucidated, but it is believed that IgA can prevent SARS-CoV-2 binding to the airway epithelium thereby helping to block both initial infection and subsequent transmission.(34,37) It is important to note that it is not known what role, if any, IgA plays in protection against SARS-CoV-2 and that many of the current vaccines are not specifically looking to activate IgA responses. Of course, it is possible that IgA production will not be important for an effective vaccine, or may even be harmful, as IgA production was negatively correlated to increased severity in COVID-19 patients.(40)

SARS-CoV-2 is unusual for a respiratory virus in that it binds to a receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), expressed in virtually all organs,(40) but especially in the lungs,(41) brain,(42) and gut.(43) Therefore, unlike most respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 has broader biodistribution and can cause considerable damage outside the respiratory system. It adversely affects the digestive, urogenital, central nervous, and circulatory systems, and the pervasiveness of the ACE2 receptor is why symptoms are highly variable and can range among dyspnea, diarrhea, headache, high blood pressure, venous thromboembolism, and more.(40) Therefore, since much of the pathology is outside the airway due to systemic viral infection, a vaccine that elicits IgG antibodies could protect patients from systemic circulation of the virus. IgG antibodies opsonize the targeted antigens presenting the opsonized products to phagocytes while also activating the complement system.(44)

Another hallmark of vaccine development is T-cell involvement, and differences in T-cell responses can influence generation of high affinity and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) as well as elimination of infected cells.(45) Immune memory and generation of high affinity class-switched antibodies are highly dependent on T-cells and normally do not develop without proper T-cell involvement.(46,47) Immune memory is the main driver of long-term immunoprotection, and studies have shown that immune titers from patients infected with the first SARS-CoV can have significant antibody levels for up to 3 years postinfection.(48) Such antibody maintenance would be extremely beneficial in the fight against SARS-CoV-2, and this prolonged immune memory could potentially confer long-term protection by a vaccine. However, it is likely that periodic booster vaccination will be necessary in areas of rebounding cases as is done for other infectious diseases.

It is currently unclear whether any of the tested vaccines will confer protection against SARS-CoV-2. Fortunately, as noted below, there are encouraging early results from multiple vaccines that are safe and immunogenic in limited patients. This early success warrants the progression into Phase III clinical trials, and expectations are that 20,000–40,000 subjects would be involved. There is a daunting task left in the effort to develop effective vaccine(s) against SARS-CoV-2, and no guarantee of success, but we are encouraged by the early testing success and rapid development of so many candidate vaccines.

Nanotechnology Offers Opportunities in Vaccine Design

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Nanoparticles and viruses operate at the same size scale; therefore, nanoparticles have an ability to enter cells to enable expression of antigens from delivered nucleic acids (mRNA and DNA vaccines) and/or directly target immune cells for delivery of antigens (subunit vaccines). Many vaccine technologies employ these direct benefits by encapsulating genomic material or protein/peptide antigens in nanoparticles such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) or other viruses such as Ads. BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna encapsulate their mRNA vaccines within LNPs while the University of Oxford/Astrazeneca (from here on out referred to as Oxford/Astrazeneca) and CanSino incorporate antigen-encoding sequences within the DNA carried by Ads.(17,19,22,23) Novavax decorates recombinant S proteins of SARS-CoV-2 onto their proprietary virus like particle (VLP) nanoparticles.(49) The nanoparticles are described in further detail in the discussion below.

Beyond antigen delivery, nanoparticles can codeliver adjuvants to help prime the desired immune responses. Adjuvants are immunostimulatory molecules administered together with the vaccine to help boost immune responses mainly by activating additional molecular receptors that predominantly recognize pathogens or danger signals. These pathways function primarily within the innate immune system, and each adjuvant generally has a different range of stimulation of these pathogen or danger receptors. While the vaccine goal is to stimulate recognition and response by lymphocytes, not innate cells, the activation of the innate immune cells is required to activate the lymphocytes to obtain both B and T-cell responses.(50,51) Encapsulation and/or conjugation of both the adjuvant and antigen within the same nanoparticle enables targeted, synchronous delivery to the same antigen presenting cell (APC). Many adjuvants have previously failed in the clinic due to toxicity issues, and this codelivery can help to direct antigen and adjuvant activity only in APCs that have taken up the antigen thereby reducing off-target side effects.(52) Targeted delivery of appropriate adjuvants can also reduce the necessary antigen dose for immune protection thereby producing a dose-sparing effect.(52) This effect would be abundantly helpful practically and financially in the current pandemic due to the enormous number of doses needed for global vaccination. Furthermore, when adjuvants and antigens are not codelivered they may dissociate quickly within the body, which may lead to off-target effects and/or rapid degradation of the adjuvant reducing the potency of the vaccine.(53) Both Moderna and BioNTech encapsulate their mRNA vaccines within LNPs to protect the mRNA from nuclease degradation.(17,19) Loss of temporal synchronization, i.e., uptake of the antigen and adjuvant by APCs at separate times, can also lead to autoimmunity against host proteins, as the adjuvant can activate APCs that are not primed against the antigen but rather primed against self-antigens.(52) Therefore, nanotechnology offers an opportunity in vaccine design, and there are several strategies that enable codelivery of SARS-CoV-2 antigens and adjuvants. The three main methods are (i) codelivery through encapsulation within or conjugation onto a nanoparticle, (ii) direct antigen-adjuvant conjugation, and (iii) utilizing the delivery vehicle as an adjuvant.(53,54) Another benefit that nanoparticles can confer is multivalent antigen presentation and orientation of subunit antigens in their native form.(55) For example, BioNTech/Pfizer, one of the frontrunner companies producing a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, formulates their receptor binding domain (RBD) antigens onto a T4 fibritin-derived “foldon” trimerization base to better resemble the trimeric form of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2.(19,56) Furthermore, display of different RBD epitopes of influenza A on multivalent ferritin nanoparticles can increase production of cross-reactive B-cells against influenza A, and produce a more diverse and effective antibody response than ferritin nanoparticles with homotypic RBD display.(57) The study also found that the multivalent, heterotypic nanoparticles induced a broadly NAb response, which makes the generation of an all-encompassing, universal influenza A vaccine possible.

Lastly, due to the “nano” scale of nanomaterials as well as their composition, they can traffic in vivo differently from other materials. The lymphatic system is critical in initiating immune responses as APCs, and other lymphocytes travel from peripheral organs to nearby lymph nodes using the lymphatic system.(58) Accessing the lymphatic system can be challenging, but nanomaterials can traverse the interstitial spaces and access nearby lymph nodes. For instance, inhaled radiolabeled solid lipid nanoparticles were shown to traffic from the alveoli into nearby lymph nodes via the lymphatic system, while the free radiotracers trafficked via the systemic circulation.(59) Lymphatic drainage especially into lymph nodes near the lungs could be extremely beneficial in the fight against respiratory diseases such as SARS-CoV-2. Companies such as etheRNA and Intravacc are developing intranasally delivered vaccines delivered into the respiratory system that may target such nearby lymph nodes.(60,61)

For further reading on the opportunities of nanotechnology in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design, we would like to refer the reader to the following review.(62) This review also discusses challenges and opportunities of the manufacturing processes and delivery platforms that are necessary for global vaccination.

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